![]() Estuaries are spawning water bodies for semi-anadromous and non-anadromous fish species. In this ecosystem, inter-annual and intra-annual fluctuations can be observed. ![]() Other variables (depth, macrophyte overgrowth, hydrochemical regime, fish parasites, food resources, etc.) depend on the quantity and quality of fresh and seawater inflow. The Azov Sea estuaries can be characterized as a rapidly changing ecosystem, which mainly depends on the hydrological regime (the amount of fresh water and connection with the Sea of Azov). In the modern period, there are 770 estuaries with a total area of about 77,700 hectares (from 0.9 to 6.7 thousand hectares). The Azov Sea estuaries are shallow water bodies with an average depth of 0.5 to 1 m, located on the eastern coast of the Sea of Azov most of them have a connection between themselves and the Sea of Azov through a system of channels. This can result in a high growth rate of Phragmites australis, which can reach up to 2 m per year and can propagate both through vegetative and sexual means, leading to the formation of large and dense clusters. Additionally, changes in water flows and hydrological conditions can also contribute to the favorable growth of the reed. This is due to the nutrient enrichment from agricultural lands located in the northern part of the research area near Novonekrasovskiy village. The rapid growth of Phragmites australis in the period of 2020–2021, where the area covered by the reed doubled, is primarily attributed to eutrophication. There was a high level of Phragmites australis growth in the Soleniy and Chumyanniy firths. The obtained results showed that in 2020 the areas occupied by reeds reached 0.37 km 2, while in 2021, they increased to 0.51 km 2. For the classification of Azov Sea estuaries, a random forest algorithm was used. Collected field and remote sensing data were processed with the semi-automatic classification plugin for QGIS. The research was conducted based on field botanical and vegetation investigations in 2020–2021 in Soleniy and Chumyanniy firths. Thus, the main goal of the research was to develop a machine learning algorithm for the detection of water overgrowth with Phragmites australis based on Sentinel-2 data. Spawning efficiency is closely connected with overgrowing of those species spawning grounds thus, the objective of the water vegetation research has vital fisheries importance. The Azov Sea estuaries play an important role in the reproduction of semi-anadromous fish species.
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